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This special performance is made possible through a collaboration between the Darden Restaurants Foundation and the Edyth Bush Charitable Foundation.
The Boston Pops
“America’s Orchestra”
The price of the beer, the Boston Transcript complained, was too high—10 cents a glass. A ticket went for a quarter. “The Programme for these Concerts,” the Boston Symphony assured its public, “will be made up largely of light music of the best class…” So on Saturday evening, July 11, 1885, a large and fashionable crowd showed up at the Boston Music Hall for the first-ever Music Hall Promenade Concert. Henry Lee Higginson, the founder of the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
had proposed this new series in the hope of re-creating the ambience of summer evenings in the concert gardens in Vienna, where he had been a music student, as well as provide summer employment for the members of the Boston Symphony, who at that point had to search for other work six months out of the year. Certainly the strait-laced Boston public understood that it was being offered the chance to relax in a fantasy of European pleasures—though nothing so daring as the model of a Parisian café-concert might have suggested.
In fact, the Boston Symphony explicitly promised that the Promenade Concerts would emulate those conducted in Berlin by Benjamin Bilse. The first program, conducted by Adolf Neuendorff, included a novelty number titled An Evening with Bilse, which humorously tossed together scraps of Beethoven and Strauss, Wagner and Weber. Given that everything else on the program was European as well, the audience at the first Promenade Concert could not have imagined that it was launching a peculiarly American tradition. Although the format of the Boston Pops Orchestra’s concerts remains strikingly similar to the original of 120 years ago—there are still three sections divided by two intermissions, with the evening’s heaviest piece sandwiched in the middle—the character of much of the music has changed, as has the event’s character as a whole. “The Pops began as a copy of a German institution,” critic Richard Dyer wrote in 1985, “but within its first century it has become one of the things that define our American experience.”
How did the change happen? In part, it came about because the audience took so readily to the series. Another reason for the increasing Americanness of Pops was the development of American music itself in the 1890s—a development that both aided the concerts and was aided by them.
Pieces by composers such as Victor Herbert turned up more and more frequently on the program; so, too, did the works of the March King, John Philip Sousa, most notably his 1897 composition The Stars and Stripes Forever! By 1899, the orchestra had adopted Stars and Stripes as the regular finale for the Promenade Concerts. Finally, there was an eventual change in the leadership of the Promenade Concerts—which in 1900 officially became known as the Pops. The early conductors were of European background, beginning with Adolf Neuendorff. He came from outside the ranks of the Boston Symphony Orchestra; most of the conductors who followed came from within the BSO, among them Timothée Adamowski, Max Zach, and Gustav Strube.
This European line came to an end with the tenure of the Italian composer and pianist Alfred Casella in 1927–29. According to Richard Dyer, Casella “made the only great mistake in the Pops’ history: He sought to elevate the audiences.” Although he programmed popular pieces such as Gershwin’s brand-new An American in Paris, he also performed entire symphonies by Beethoven, and even works by contemporary avant-garde composers such as Arthur Honegger. The public complained loudly enough that the BSO’s management declined to renew Casella’s contract.
Instead, the BSO again turned to one of its own, a 35-year-old violist who had been with the orchestra since 1915. His name was Arthur Fiedler, and he would not only lead the Boston Pops for the next 50 years, but would complete its transformation. By the time of his death in 1979, the Boston Pops would be a national institution in America, a musical ambassador abroad, and the most-recorded orchestra in the world.
Born in Boston and trained in Germany, Fiedler first led the Pops in Symphony Hall as a replacement during the 1926 season, following the resignation of conductor Agide Jacchia. By then, Fiedler already had demonstrated his ambition by forming the Fiedler Sinfonietta, a chamber orchestra composed of Boston Symphony members. After the success of his first Pops concert, Fiedler asked to be named the permanent conductor—an appointment that instead went to Alfred Casella. Undaunted, Fiedler decided to organize and conduct his own five-week series of popular concerts. He would even go the Boston Symphony one better by performing the concerts outdoors and for free. On July 4, 1929, Fiedler inaugurated a series that continues to this day, now under the Boston Symphony’s auspices: the Esplanade Concerts, which are held on the east bank of the Charles River. The response was ecstatic. After Casella’s departure, the BSO offered Fiedler a three-year contract, to begin with the 1930 Pops season. For the first time in their 45-year history, the concerts would be led by an American-born conductor.
From the very beginning, Fiedler made his breadth of taste known by programming the kind of music that was then described as “symphonic jazz.” His inaugural concert included not only an opera overture, Ravel’s Bolero (then only a year old), and selections from Romberg’s latest Broadway hit, but also something racier—Strike Up the Band, played as an encore.
In addition to moving the Boston Pops repertoire beyond its origins in European light classical music, Fiedler also moved the orchestra into another field of popular culture: recordings. In a three-day marathon, from July 1 through July 3, 1935, Fiedler led the Boston Pops in its first recordings, for the RCA Victor label. Among the 40 compositions recorded on those days was a tune by Jacob Gade, Jalousie, which Fiedler had recently plucked out of a sheet-music bin for 15 cents. Jalousie became the first Victor record—and also the first orchestral record—to sell more than a million copies. In one stroke, Fiedler had reached an unprecedentedly large audience while literally establishing an identity for his ensemble. Until those recording sessions, the musicians had been known simply as “the orchestra of the Pops concerts.” It was not until RCA Victor needed a name for the label that a “Boston Pops Orchestra” was born.
Over the ensuing years, Fiedler maintained the fame of the Boston Pops Orchestra by showcasing the work of young American composers and arrangers, by featuring young American soloists, and by making astute use of the media. Local radio broadcasts of the Boston Pops concerts began in 1952; Boston Pops radio broadcasts were nationally syndicated each week from 1962 to 1992.
The national public television program Evening at Pops was launched in 1969, as a joint production of WGBH-TV in Boston and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Evening at Pops kept the conductor and his ensemble before an immense worldwide audience. The Pops’ special bicentennial program on the Esplanade on July 4, 1976, drew the biggest audience in the history of orchestral concerts up to that time, with more than 400,000 people in attendance. After Arthur Fiedler’s death on July 10, 1979, his longtime associate conductor, Harry Ellis Dickson, took over the interim leadership of the orchestra, along with a number of guest conductors. Meanwhile, the management of the Boston Symphony undertook the seemingly impossible task of finding a successor to Arthur Fiedler. “Ironically,” Richard Dyer wrote, “the person no one thought would be interested in the job … was the one who got it.”
By the time John Williams was appointed conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra in January 1980, his scores for Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Star Wars, and Superman had made him the best-known composer for film in the world—a success he would confirm with the music for Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., Jurassic Park, Schindler’s List, and many others. Williams also had an enviable classical training, he had worked as a jazz pianist in New York, and he had arranged albums for popular artists such as Doris Day and Mahalia Jackson. At the time of his appointment, he had not yet had much public experience as a conductor, but he brought to the podium the background, talent, and celebrity to succeed at a daunting assignment.
“He has preserved the best of Fiedler’s heritage,” Richard Dyer wrote, “while leading the Pops into a new era.”
Williams both broadened and updated the Boston Pops repertoire, writing and commissioning many new compositions while also introducing arrangements of recent pieces of popular music—such as film scores—that would be suitable for orchestral performance. He maintained the popularity of the Evening at Pops broadcasts, traveled extensively with the Boston Pops, crisscrossing the United States and undertaking three tours of Japan, and led a series of best-selling recordings for the Philips and Sony Classical labels, most recently, Cinema Serenade II: The Golden Age, a collection of vintage film themes arranged—several by John Williams himself—for solo violin and orchestra and featuring Itzhak Perlman.
At Christmas 1991, John Williams announced that he would step down as conductor of the Boston Pops at the end of 1993, at which time he assumed the title of Laureate Conductor. He also agreed to serve as Music Adviser while the Boston Symphony again took on a seemingly impossible task—finding someone to succeed him. The appointment as 20th conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra—and only the third conductor since Arthur Fiedler took over in 1930—fell to Keith Lockhart. Born in 1959, he was 35 years old when the choice was made in February 1995—the same age Arthur Fiedler had been at the time of his appointment.
Now in his 12th season as Boston Pops conductor, Keith Lockhart has conducted more than 900 concerts and made 63 television shows, including 38 new programs for PBS’s Evening at Pops; the annual July Fourth spectacular, produced by CBS4 in Boston and shown nationally on CBS Television; the orchestra’s annual holiday special, produced by and aired in Boston on CBS4, and the first-ever Boston Symphony Family Concert taped for local broadcast on CBS4 in Boston. He has led 32 tours with the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra, including trips to Japan and Korea.
Mr. Lockhart has released 10 albums in his 12 seasons, including 2005’s America, the second self-produced and -distributed CD on Boston Pops Recordings, following 2004’s hit Sleigh Ride. Since 1995, Mr. Lockhart and the orchestra have also released eight albums on RCA Victor: Runnin’ Wild: The Boston Pops Orchestra Plays Glenn Miller, American Visions, The Celtic Album, Holiday Pops, A Splash of Pops, Encore!, The Latin Album, and My Favorite Things—A Richard Rodgers Celebration. The Boston Pops Orchestra received its first Grammy nomination in 1999 when The Celtic Album was nominated for Best Classical Crossover Recording, and in 2001, The Latin Album was nominated for a Latin Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Album. The Boston Pops’ 2002 July Fourth broadcast was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Classical Music/Dance Program, and the 2002 broadcast of “Fiddlers Three,” telecast on PBS’s Evening at Pops, won the 2002 ASCAP Deems Taylor Award in the Television Broadcast category.
In February 2002, Mr. Lockhart and the Boston Pops made history by becoming the first orchestra to be featured entertainment at a Super Bowl, performing a selection of patriotic favorites, including the National Anthem with guest vocalist Mariah Carey, during the Super Bowl XXXVI Pregame Show. In February 2004, he led the orchestra in its first concert at New York’s Radio City Music since the Fiedler era, featuring Broadway star Linda Eder as special guest. Mr. Lockhart and the orchestra appeared live on national television with Sir Elton John during the NFL Season Kickoff special prior to the first game of the 2004 NFL season at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, Mass., in September 2004.
Keith Lockhart
The 2006 Boston Pops season marks Keith Lockhart’s 12th season as Boston Pops conductor. During more than a decade with the Boston Pops, Mr. Lockhart has honored the orchestra’s proud history while breaking new ground at this venerable American institution.
In February 1995, Keith Lockhart was named 20th conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra since its founding in 1885. With this appointment, Mr. Lockhart succeeded John Williams, who held the position from 1980 to 1993. Named Boston Pops conductor at age 35, Mr. Lockhart is only the third conductor to lead the orchestra since 1930, when Arthur Fiedler began his unprecedented 50-year tenure as head of the orchestra.
Now in his 12th season as conductor of the Boston Pops, Keith Lockhart has maintained a busy schedule. He has conducted more than 900 concerts and made 63 television shows, including 38 new programs for PBS’ Evening at Pops; the Boston Pops’ annual July Fourth spectacular, produced by CBS4 in Boston and shown nationally on CBS Television; and the orchestra’s annual holiday special, produced and aired in Boston on CBS4. The Boston Pops’ 2002 July Fourth broadcast was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Classical Music/Dance Program, and the 2002 broadcast of “Fiddlers Three,” telecast on Evening at Pops, won the 2002 ASCAP Deems Taylor Award in the Television Broadcast category.
In 2005, Keith Lockhart and the Boston Pops released America, the orchestra’s second selfproduced and -distributed recording, on Boston Pops Recordings. America features Mr. Lockhart leading the Boston Pops Orchestra with special guests Yolanda Adams, Arlo Guthrie, and the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, John Oliver, conductor. The recording includes all-American favorites such as “God Bless America,” “The Stars and Stripes Forever!,” “This Land Is Your Land,” and a new Rob Mathes arrangement of ”America the Beautiful” featuring Ms. Adams and the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, plus Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture—a Boston Pops signature piece since Arthur Fielder’s legendary tenure with the orchestra. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian David McCullough also joins the orchestra as narrator on a musical rendition of The Gettysburg Address.
America follows up on the incredible success of Sleigh Ride, released in November 2004 on Boston Pops Recordings, the orchestra’s new multimedia recording label. America was produced with the generous support of Liberty Mutual, who, with the sale of each CD, will donate $1 to the Boston Arts Academy, a public high school for the visual and performing arts.
Keith Lockhart has led the Boston Pops on 28 national tours, four overseas tours of Japan and Korea, and in performances at Carnegie Hall. Under Mr. Lockhart’s direction, the orchestra has dramatically broadened its touring activities, performing to enthusiastic audiences in concert halls and sports arenas across the country. In February 2002, he led the Boston Pops in the pregame show of Super Bowl XXXVI at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, marking the first time an orchestra was featured in performance during a Super Bowl. In February 2004, he led the orchestra in its first concert at New York’s Radio City Music since the Fiedler era, featuring Broadway star Linda Eder as special guest. In September 2004, Mr. Lockhart and the orchestra appeared live on national television with Sir Elton John during the NFL Season Kickoff special prior to the first game of the 2004 NFL season at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, Mass.
In addition to America and Sleigh Ride, Keith Lockhart and the Boston Pops Orchestra have released eight albums on RCA Victor: Runnin’ Wild: The Boston Pops Play Glenn Miller (1996), American Visions (1997), The Celtic Album (February 1998), Holiday Pops (September 1998), A Splash of Pops (1999), the compilation album Encore! (March 2000), The Latin Album (September 2000), and My Favorite Things—A Richard Rodgers Celebration (April 2002) to critical and popular acclaim. In addition, The Celtic Album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Classical Crossover category, and The Latin Album received a nomination for Best Pop Instrumental Album at the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards.
Born in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., in November 1959, Keith Lockhart began his musical studies with piano lessons at the age of 7. He holds degrees from Furman University in Greenville, S.C., and Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Mr. Lockhart came to the Boston Pops from Cincinnati, where he served as associate conductor of both the Cincinnati Symphony and Cincinnati Pops orchestras. Since 1998, Mr. Lockhart has also been music director of the Utah Symphony. In February 2002, he led the Utah Symphony as part of the Opening Exercises of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City.
As a guest artist, Mr. Lockhart has conducted the major symphony orchestras of Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, Minnesota, Montreal, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Singapore, St. Louis, Toronto, and Vancouver, as well as the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, the National Arts Centre Orchestra of Ottawa, and the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra. He led the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester in Berlin on New Year’s Eve in December 2002 and the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam in June 2003. He made his Boston Lyric Opera debut in 2004, leading Puccini’s Tosca. Notable past engagements include his first major opera production, Douglas Moore’s The Ballad of Baby Doe with the Washington (D.C.) Opera, and recent debuts with the New York Chamber Symphony, the Houston Symphony, and the New Japan Philharmonic.